Future Forms

Present Simple -  gdy mówimy o rozkładach jazdy autobusów, pociągów, samolotów, o planach zajęć, grafikach itp.

What time does the plane land?
What time do you finish tomorrow?
We leave at 7 in the morning and arrive at the hotel at 9 in the evening.

Present simple (or present perfect) after conjunctions of time such as: before, when etc. 

Let's get together as soon as you arrive.

Present Continuous  - gdy chcemy powiedzieć o czymś, co jest już ustalone w przyszłości. Zostały już podjęte jakieś kroki w danym celu.

We are leaving on a trip to Italy tomorrow.
I can't see you on Tuesday afternoon. I'm seeing a customer.

"Will" Future
- wyrażamy chęć zrobienia czegoś

I will help you with your homework

- ukazujemy możliwość wydarzenia się czegoś, spekulujemy, ale mówimy o rzeczach, których nie do końca jesteśmy pewni (wyrażamy subiektywne opinie) (think, feel, hope, promise, imagine)

I think they won't mind helping you

- podejmujemy decyzję w momencie mówienia o czymś, często spontanicznie

Well, I'm busy today. I can't help you, you see ... Ugh, all right. Stop crying! I will look for these books for you!

- mówimy o określonych czynnościach w przyszłości - często potwierdzając informację dotyczącą planów, godziny

I'll meet you there at 8 then.

Use will/might/could/won't + infinitive    use with verb such as: think, hope, expect, know reckon, guess, be sure or adverbs such as maybe, perhaps.

I expect Sara will be late as usual.

Will + definitely/certainly/possibly/probably

You definitely won't get a ticket now. They'll be sold out.


To be going to - To wyrażenie pozwala przekazać informację o naszych planach na przyszłość. Jeśli chcemy powiedzieć, że coś zrobimy i jest to już przemyślana decyzja

I am going to start learning French.

Różnice:
Present continuous vs "going to"
100%  vs  50% (planuje ale jak cos nie bedzie mi pasować to zmienie zdanie)

will vs going to
50% vs 80%

Might/ Could + infinitive kiedy plany albo intencje są niezdefniowane 


We  might go away for the weekend, but we're not sure yet

Planing to/ hoping to + infinitive
Thinking of + ing


To be to - Najczęściej używa się tego wyrażenia aby przedstawić instrukcje dla kogoś w formie bezosobowych poleceń. Gdy przetłumaczymy takie zdania z angielskiego na polski, okaże się, że w większości przypadków są to zdania informujące, że ktoś MA coś zrobić

You are to clean your room.

to wyrażenie funkcjonuje także w czasie przeszłym:

He was to complete this chart.
Oznacza jednak, że pomimo tego, że ktoś miał coś zrobić, z czegoś się wywiązać, to najprawdopodobniej tego nie zrobił.


Uwaga: tę konstrukcję stosuje się przede wszystkim w języku oficjalnym.

źródło:
http://www.ang.pl/gramatyka/formy-wyrazania-przyszlosci/to-be-to

used to, be used to, would

 Used to

Konstrukcję tę stosujemy mówiąc o zwyczajach, nawykach z przeszłości, które obecnie już się zmieniły (nie mają już miejsca). Formy used to nie stosuje się do mówienia o wydarzeniach przeszłych, czasie ich trwania lub do mówienia ile razy coś miało miejsce.
Znaczenie konstrukcji - "zwykł coś robić".
Budowa:

Po formie "used to" stawiamy czasownik w formie podstawowej. W przeczeniu konstrukcja przyjmuje postać: didn't use to.
Przykłady:

    She used to smoke 10 cigarettes a day.
    I didn't use to sleep till ten a.m.

Be used to

Forma ta jest używana w sytuacjach, gdy mówimy, że jesteśmy do czegoś przyzwyczajeni lub coś nam łatwo przychodzi, doświadczyliśmy już czegoś wielokrotnie i nie jest to już dla na nowe ani dziwne.
 Po tej konstrukcji stawiamy w zdaniu czasownik z końcówką + ing (lub rzeczownik).
Przykłady:

    We are used to learning in the evenings.
    He isn’t used to eating greasy meat.

Get used to

To wyrażenie oznacza - "przyzwyczaić się do czegoś". Po tej konstrukcji również stawiamy czasownik z końcówką +ing.
Przykłady:

    I have got used to working with her ten hours a day.
    He is getting used to living in the country.


Would
używamy, gdy ktoś miał zwyczaj robić coś w przeszłości.
Zarówno would jak i used to odnoszą się do czynności i zdarzeń powtarzających się w przeszłości jednak tylko used to możemy użyć w odniesieniu do stanów z przeszłości.

Coffee - A Popular Hot Drink

Coffee is one of the most popular hot drinks in the world. Almost a third of the world’s population drinks coffee.  People often meet at cafes or coffee shops for a coffee break during the middle of the morning or stop work in the afternoon to drink coffee.

About 7 million tons of coffee are produced every year. Brazil is, by far, the world’s largest coffee producer. About a third of the world’s production comes from this South American country. Other coffee producing countries include Vietnam, Indonesia and Columbia.
The United States is the biggest coffee consumer in the world. About 1.2 billion kilograms of coffee are consumed there every year. Drinking coffee is extremely popular in European countries, like Italy, France and Germany, as well as in Brazil.

The coffee plant

Coffee grows as a green-leaved tree or bush with blossoming white flowers. The coffee shrub originally comes from Ethiopia but, in the course of time spread to Southeast Asia and South America.

There are two basic types of coffee. Arabica accounts for about 70% of the world’s coffee production. It is grown in the higher regions of central and South America and is popular for its flavor and fragrance. Robusta has spread throughout central and eastern Africa . Although it makes up only thirty per cent of the total coffee production it has become more important because it can resist diseases better. It also has smaller beans and can grow at lower altitudes than Arabica.

Coffee plants grow in the warm and moist climate of the tropics and subtropics. Most coffee trees grow best between 1000 and 2500 meters above sea level.

Coffee trees produce fruits called berries. At first they are yellow, and then become red as they mature. An average coffee tree can produce enough berries to make about a pound (half a kilo) of roasted coffee.

Coffee seeds are grown in nursery beds. After a year they are planted in specially prepared fields. It takes a coffee tree about six years to produce a full harvest of coffee berries.  The largest ones can get up to six meters tall, but they are normally trimmed to a height of 1.5 to 4 meters.

Harvesting and processing coffee

Most coffee berries are picked by hand, which makes sure that only the good berries are used. After separating berries from leaves and other waste materials, the beans are then taken out, cleaned and dried. Only the best beans make it to the market. Then they are put into bags and shipped to countries where they are roasted.

At their destination the beans are combined to make different blends of coffee. Roasting for about 15 minutes brings out the true flavor of the coffee. The roasted coffee beans are packaged; some of them are crushed to ground coffee.

Effects of coffee

Coffee contains caffeine, a substance that stimulates parts of the body, especially heart and muscles. People often drink coffee to help them stay awake or keep them alert. Although coffee has some negative effects it is not thought to be a harmful drink. Children and people who have heart problems should not drink coffee it in great quantities. In decaffeinated coffee the caffeine is extracted in a chemical process.

How coffee is brewed.

Coffee must be ground before it is brewed. Grounding usually takes place inside a coffee machine, but you can also buy ground coffee in shops. The simplest brewing process is pouring boiling water  over a filter of ground coffee and letting it flow into a pot. Coffee is often made by using simple machines that force hot water through a pad of pressed coffee. Espresso machines press hot water through ground coffee.
Instant coffee is made by pouring hot water over powdery coffee. It dissolves at once and you do not need a special machine.

History of coffee

Coffee originated in the east African highlands in the 6th century. It was then brought to Arabia where people used it as food and medicine. During the 11th century the first coffee drinks came up. In the 16th and 17th centuries coffee became widely popular in Europe when the Turks brought it to Central Europe. In the 17th and 18th century coffee conquered North and South Amercia

Coffee houses soon became popular all over the world. In the 1900s chains of coffee shops developed in Europe and America. Today, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse chain in the world, with over 20,000 stores in 60 countries.

Types of Coffee drinks

• Espresso is probably the most popular coffee drink in the world. It is made by forcing hot water through a pad filled with dark ground coffee. Although there is not much coffee in the cup an espresso is very strong. It is usually drunk black, with no milk added.
• Americano is an espresso with hot water added to make it weaker.
• Café Latte is an espresso with a lot of hot milk and foam added on the top
• Cappuccino is a cup of espresso, together with warm milk and a lot of milk foam at the top. In some coffee shops it is decorated with flaked chocolate or cocoa.
• Cafe Mocha is a cappuccino with chocolate or cocoa added
• Frappe is a cold espresso  that you can get at some coffee shops during the hot summer months
• Turkish coffee is usually thicker than normal coffee. It is made by combining  ground coffee and water to a muddy mixture

Classic Cappuccino

 

• account for = to produce a certain amount of
• add = put into
• although = while
• altitude = height (wysokość)
• average = normal (przeciętny, średni)
• basic = main, important
• berry = small fruit or seed of a plant
• billion = a thousand million
• blend = when you mix many different types
• blossom = when a tree produces flowers (kwitnąć, zakwitać)
• boiling = very very hot
• brew = when the taste of coffee or tea gets into hot water (warzyć, sparzyć, parzyć)
• by far = much more or better than anything else ( o wiele, zdecydowanie)
• century = a hundred years
• chain = shops owned by the same company
• coffee break = a short time when you stop working and have a cup of coffee
• combine = put together (łączyć, mieszać)
• conquer = here: to become popular in
• consumer = here: country whose people drink a lot of coffee
• contain = to have in it (zawierać)
• course of time = as time goes on
• crush = to press something into many small pieces
• decaffeinated = without caffeine
• decorate = to make something look prettier
• destination = place where something is going to (miejsce przeznaczenia, cel podróży)
• develop = grow
• dissolve = melt, break up
• especially = above all
• extract = take  out
• extremely = very
• filter = material that you pour something into and only the liquid gets through
• flaked = small thin pieces of
• flavor = taste , aroma (smak, aromat)
• flow = run. move smoothly through
• foam = when liquid turns into a mass of bubbles (piana)
• force = make something happen (wymuszać, narzucać; wpychać, wtłaczać)
• fragrance = nice smell (zapach, woń)
• full harvest = here: when trees can produce the highest amount of coffee
• ground coffee = to use a machine to break into powder or very small pieces (mielona kawa)
• harmful = dangerous (szkodliwy, krzywdzący)
• height = how high something is
• highlands = high, flat areas (obszar górski)
• include = are also
• instant coffee = coffee in powdery form
• market = place where you buy and sell something
• mature = be become fully grown or ripe (dojrzały)
• moist = wet (wilgotny)
• muddy = not clear
• nursery bed = place where new plants  and trees are grown
• originally = at first
• originate = come from
• package = put into boxes or bags
• pad = here: filling
• pick = harvest (wybierać, przebierać; zrywać)
• popular = liked by many people
• population = people
• pot = container  (garnek)
• pour = to make a liquid flow out of something  (wysypać; zalewać, wylewać)
• powdery = to break into very very small pieces
• process = to make a product ready to be sold
• quantity = amount
• resist = to defend itself against (opierać się, stawiać opór)
• roast = to heat quickly so that you give something a certain taste
• sea level = the average height of the sea, used as a standard for measuring mountain peaks and other objects
• seed = small hard object of a plant from which a new plant can grow
• separate = divide , split
• shrub = bush, plant (krzew, mały krzak)
• spread = expand from one place to another (rozprzestrzeniać, się, szerzyć się)
• stimulate = to make something become active
• substance = stuff, material
• take place = happen
• trim = cut -(przycinać, podcinać)
• waste = not needed
• widely = very
• green-leaved - zielone liście 
• bush - krzak
• in the course of time - z biegiem czasu
• throughout - na wskroś, po całym (kraju), wszędzie
• make up sth - tworzyć coś, sumować coś
• subtropic - obszary podzwrotnikowe
• tropic - zwrotnik; tropikalny
• field - pole
• take out sth -  wyjąć coś, wyciągnąć coś
• muscle - mięsień, tkanka mięśniowa
• through - przez

 źródło:  http://www.english-online.at/biology/coffee/coffee.htm

Chocolate - History and Production

Chocolate is a food that is popular all over the world. It is made from the seeds of the cacao tree. It can be eaten and also used as a flavour in ice cream, candy and other foods. Many people like the taste of chocolate and those who work hard eat it to give them energy.

History of chocolate

Chocolate originally came from Mexico and Central America. Historians think that the Maya took the wild cacao trees from the rainforest and planted them in their own gardens. They crushed the seeds and mixed them with water and spices to make a hot drink.
Chocolate and cacao were very important for the Mayan culture. Families drank a hot chocolate drink at special occasions and at parties.
The Aztecs, a people who lived centuries later, used cacao beans as a form of money. They traded other valuable goods to get them because they didn’t grow there. Only the rich people had the money to buy cacao and drink hot chocolate.
In the 16th century Spanish explorers brought cacao back to Europe, where the drink became popular quickly, especially among kings, queens and noblemen. Other European powers began to plant cacao trees in their own colonies.
During the Industrial Revolution new technologies were able to make the production of cacao cheaper, so that poorer people could also afford it. In the 19th century the beans were pressed together with butter and mixed with sugar into a new form, chocolate.
Today the biggest chocolate producing countries are the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and France.

 

How cacao grows

Cacao trees grow in the tropical regions of South America, Africa and Asia. The biggest cacao bean producers are the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia and Brazil. The cacao tree can grow to a height of 7 metres. After about 5 years the cacao trees produce large fruits. When the fruit is ripe it can contain 20 to 40 seeds.

How chocolate is made

After the cacao seeds are harvested they are transported to factories, where they are cleaned and dried. The outer parts of the seeds are removed.
Workers then roast the beans to give them a certain flavour. The seeds of the cacao beans have a lot of fat in them. They are grinded and mixed together with butter to form cocoa butter.

  
A dry powder can be made by pressing fat and water out of the cocoa butter. This powder is used for baking and also mixed with hot milk to drink.
Chocolate bars are made by putting sugar and milk into the cocoa butter. This paste is then put into different kinds of moulds.
Chocolate making is a big business. More than five billion dollars worth of cacao beans are sold every year. Americans, for example, eat five kilograms of chocolate every year.

Value of Chocolate

Chocolate has a lot of calories but it also has carbohydrates, fats, and other vitamins and minerals. It can give you a lot of energy that you need to do sports or hard work.
Scientists have found out that eating chocolate reduces blood pressure and the risk of heart disease and cancer.
There are also negative effects of chocolate. It can make you addicted and lead to obesity. Chocolate in large amounts lead to tooth decay.

Words

• addicted = if you are not able to stop doing something (uzależniony)
• afford = to have enough money to buy something (wystarczająco)
• amount = quantity (ilość)
• bar = in the shape of a block
• bean = small seed
• billion = a thousand million
• blood pressure = the force or power with which blood travels through your body (ciśnienie krwi)
• business = industry
• cacao = the seed from which chocolate is made
• cancer = very dangerous illness in which cells in a part of your body grow in a way that is not normal
• carbohydrate = a substance in bread, potatoes and sugar; it gives your body heat and energy
• century = a hundred years
• certain = special (pewien, pewny)
• contain = hold , have in them (zawierać)
• crush = to break something into many small pieces (zgnieść, miażdżyć)
• disease = illness (choroba)
• especially = above all
• explorer = someone who travels to an unknown place to find out more about it
• flavour = the way a type of food tastes (smak)
• goods = products
• grind = to break something into many small pieces (siekać, British - mince)
• harvest = collect, bring in (zbierać np. plony)
• height = how high something is
• historian = someone who is interested in or studies history
• Maya = a civilization that lived in Central America up to about 900 A.D.
• mould = a container that has a special shape ; you pour liquid or another soft material into it so that it takes on the shape (forma)
• nobleman = a person who belongs to the highest social class and normally has a title
• obesity = when someone is very very fat
• occasion = time, event
• originally = at first
• paste = cream
• plant = put into the ground
• popular = liked by many people
• powder = a substance that is made up of very small particles
• power = here: country
• reduce = to make lower
• remove = take away
• ripe = fully grown and ready to eat (dojrzały)
• roast = to heat in an oven (piec)
• scientist = a person who is trained in science
• seed = small hard object that is inside plants (ziarno, nasiona)
• spice = a type of powder or seed that you take from plants and use to give food a special taste
• technology = methods and ways of making something
• tooth decay = when your teeth became bad
• trade = deal with; to give something in exchange for something else (handel)
• valuable = expensive, costly (wartościowy, cenny)
• value = importance 
• wild  - dziki
• rainforest - lasy deszczowe, tropukalne 
• among - pośród, wśród, pomiędzy
• press - naciskać, przyciskać  (the press - prasa)
• outer - wierzchni, zewnętrzny
• decay - rozkładać się, gnić

źródło: http://www.english-online.at/health_medicine/chocolate/history-and-production-of-chocolate-and-cocoa.htm

10 Odd Jobs With Surprisingly High Salaries

What do you want to be when you grow up? Teacher, lawyer, doctor, police officer… These are the predictable answers, along with the more aspirational astronaut, ballet dancer, or actor among the younger respondents. Yet, you don’t have to pursue one of these careers to be considered successful anymore, nor do you have to be a lawyer or a CEO to make up to six figures a year. We usually also associate large paychecks with offices and suits, but there are actually many blue collar and even strange jobs out there that can earn a more-than-comfortable living.
There are so many kooky jobs out there, most of which the majority of people have never even heard of but some of which you might actually be good at. There’s something out there for everyone, no matter your background, your education or your skill-level – you just need to broaden your horizons. Sometimes it can be shocking to hear of certain jobs you never even thought existed, and it can be even more shocking to hear how much they earn.
There is, perhaps, a stigma in our society that equates traditionally prestigious and highly-qualified jobs with high salaries. Yet, more often than not, blue collar, manual or creative jobs can earn an equal salary to the man in the suit and, sometimes, can even earn more.

10. Hot Dog Vendor – $30,000+

Hot dog vendors are rarely given a second thought by people passing them in the street, or buying hot dogs from them on their way to work or school or just as a shopping snack. Passing out quick and easy hot dogs seems like a simple gig. Don’t kid yourself though; these street vendors have to keep up with the many health and safety regulations, have to comply to specific limitations around the way their food cart is built and have to keep within certain locations in the city. But with limited overheads and a ready market, hot dog vendors can make a steady living of $30,000 a year, and depending on demand – such as in busy cities like New York – street vendors can actually hit the six-figure mark.

9. Trash Collector – $43,000-$60,000

Some trash collectors can make up to $60,000/year, however the majority make an average of about $43,000. While no education is formally required, there are some skills needed, such as a truck driver’s license and in some cases a license to operate a forklift. Collecting garbage might sometimes be looked down upon as a profession, but it is such a crucial part of maintaining a society that waste management professionals earn every penny of their reasonable salary.

8. Ice Cream Taster – $56,000

Ice cream tasters are employed by dairy companies to taste different flavours of ice cream and to help create new ones. People hired as food tasters make an average of $56,000 a year and can go much higher than that depending on the company they work for. For example, John Harrison is the Official Taste Tester of Dreyer’s company and is known as the “ice cream man”, as he has tasted more than a few hundred million gallons of ice cream and has helped in the creation of over hundred flavours. His taste buds are reportedly insured for a million dollars and his annual salary can be between $70 000 and $100 000 a year.

7. Train Conductor – $58,000-$65,000

This profession includes conductors of passenger trains, subways and streetcars. A high school diploma is the only education requirement and it usually takes a couple months of on-job training to become qualified. Once you are licensed, you can transfer to almost any city without having to complete any more training. The median annual salary of a train conductor is between $58,000 and $65,000/year.

6. Casino Gamers – $57,000-$85,000

Casino gaming managers are responsible for explaining and revising the rules of certain games in the casino, making sure the casino is following specific industry regulations and blending into the crowd to spot cheaters and prevent theft. Many people in this profession have completed degrees in vocational studies, but it’s not a requirement as there is casino training offered. Depending on the city and the casino, gaming managers can earn an average salary of almost $60,000 annually, which can increase up to $85,000 per year.

5. Elevator Mechanic – $70,000-$80,000

Elevator mechanics mainly repair and install elevators and escalators, moving walkways and other sorts of lifts. There is no work experience usually needed to get this job and the only education required is a high school diploma. Most elevator technicians become familiar with the job through apprenticeship, as there is no actual course or training. There are only about 20,000 elevator mechanics in the United States and the salary varies between $70,000 and $80,000/year.

4. Geographer – $75,000

This is a job that is practically never heard of, which makes sense considering there are reportedly only about 1500 geographers in the U.S. The main occupation of a geographer is to modify existing maps and diagrams and to create new ones that deal with the relationship between society and environment. Their median annual salary is around $75,000 a year. A geographer is a scholar, and has usually has completed at least a four-year bachelor degree.

3. Voice-Over Artist – $80,000

Voice-over artists are those who narrate commercials, movies, foreign films, video games or who work as the voices of cartoon characters. There is no actual training required, unless someone completes optional voice coaching lessons. It takes talent, a good demo, and a big break, but once you have those there can be more than comfortable money involved. A voice-over artist with a steady job – even those working for lower budget projects – can make up to $80,000/ year.

2. Funeral Service Manager – $80,000

Funeral service managers are in charge of all arrangements for the ceremony and can also be responsible for dressing and placing the body. At times, tasks can also include embalming and burying or cremating the body. It’s quite a morbid profession, but if you can handle the emotional aspect of it, it pays fairly well. Most of the time, the service manager doesn’t directly deal with the body, but deals more with the family of the deceased in planning the ceremony, setting the prices, and dealing with all legal documents that may be required. Funeral service managers can make up to $80,000 per year.

1. Sommelier – $80,000-$160,000

Sommeliers are usually employed by fine cuisine restaurants and are highly trained and extremely knowledgeable in all wines and in pairing certain wines with food. They are responsible for wine procurement, wine storage and offering expertise to clientele. There are actual courses and training that are offered to become a certified sommelier which usually extend over about six months. According to Forbes, the average, sommelier makes $80 000 a year, a salary which can go all the way up to $160,000.

surprisingly - zaskakująco, zadziwiająco, o dziwo
predictable - przewidywalny
among - pośród, wśród; pomiędzy
pursue - dążyć do (czegoś); prowadzić, kontynuować (badanie); realizować (np. pasje)
one of something - jeden z jakiejś grupy
considered - przemyślany, rozważony
nor - ani; ani jeden ani drugi, ani ten ani tamten
CEO - chief executive officer - dyrektor generalny, dyrektor naczelny
to make up - wymyślić coś, zmyślić coś; przygotowywać, preparować; nadrabiać coś, odrabiać coś
associate - wspólnik; kojarzyć (coś z czymś), wiązać (fakty)
paycheck (british: paycheque, pay packet) - wypłata, koperta z wypłatą
collar - kołnierzyk, kołnierz; obroża
kooky - stuknięty, szurnięty
majority  - większość; pełnoletność, wiek pełnoletności
be good at something - być w czymś dobrym
background - pochodzenie, środowisko
broaden - poszerząc, rozszerzać (np. horyzonty)
certain - pewien, pewny (przekonany o czymś)
thought - myśl, opinia; myślenie, zamyślenie
stigma - piętno (np. grzechu), znamię (czegoś)
society - społeczeństwo
equate - utożsamić, utożsamiać, porównać, porównywać; być tożsamym
prestigious - prestiżowy, renomowany, znakomity
highly-qualified  - wysoko wykwalifikowany
equal - równy
blue collar - robotnik fizyczny
manual - instrukcja obsługi, podręcznik; fizyczny, ręczny, manualny
vendor - sprzedawca
rarely - rzadko
passing - chwilowy, przelotny
snack - przekąska, zagrycha
gig - koncert, występ; dać występ
keep up with sb- dotrzymać komuś kroku, utrzymywać ten sam poziom
keep up with sth - bć na bieżąco z czymś, dotrzymywać czemuś kroku (np. konkurencji)
safety - bezpieczeńśtwo, nieszkodliwość; bezpieczne miejsce
comply - zastosować się, stosować się, odpowiadać czemuś
limitation - limitowanie (ograniczanie czegoś)
cart - wóz, furmatka, wózek ręczny (do serwowania napojów i jedzenia)
british - trolley - wózek (na zakupy), koszyk (w sklepie)
overhead - koszty ogólne; sufit (na statku)
steady - regularny, stały, ciągły; stały partner
living - środki utrzymania, koszty życia
the living  - ludzie żyjący ( w przeciwieństwie do zmarłych)
on demand - na żądanie
demand - popyt
figure - liczba (szczególnie oznaczająca kwotę pieniężną)
mark - ocena
average - przeciętny, średni; typowy
required (req.) - potrzeby, konieczny, wymagany
truck (british - lorry)- ciężarówka
forklift - podnośnik widłowy
garbage ( British - rubbish) - śmieci
look down - patrzeć w dół; być przygnębionym, smutnym, wyglądać na zdołowanego, przybitego
upon - od; na; przed (granica czasowa)
crucial - niezbędny, istotny, ważny, decydujący; kluczowy
maintaining - konserwować, podtrzymywać, zachowywać na tym samym poziomie; utrzymywać (np. finansowo), żywić; twierdzić, mówić
penny - pens
reasonable - rozsądny, realistyczny, osiągalny
dairy - nabiał; mleczarnia, gospodarstwo mleczne
flavour - smak (potrawy, napoju)
hire - wynając na krótki okres (np. pracownika); zatrudniać
gallon - galon (jednostka objętości równa 4,55 litra w UK); ogromna liczba
bud - pąk, pączek (np. na drzewie, kwiatu); American -  koleś, kumpel
reportedly - jak mówią, podobno, rzekomo
insured - ubezpieczony
annual - coroczny, doroczny
conductor - dyrygent, konduktor (zbierający opłaty za przejazd w autobusie)
subway - przejście podziemne; przejazd podziemny, przejazd dołem; (american - metro, british - underground)
streetcar (american) - tramwaj - british - tram
revise - zmieniać; powtarzać materiał (np. do egzaminu); poprawiać, korygować
blend - mieszać, zmieszać, przemieszać, połączyć
spot - miejsce (np. w którym spędzamy czas), plama (powierzchnia o innym kolorze, np. na skórze), krosta, pryszcz; dostrzec, zauważyć (zobaczyć coś, co jest trudne do zauważenia)
cheaters - bryle patrzałki (okulary)
cheater - oszust
prevent - zapobiegać
walkway  - chodnik, przejście dla pieszych, pasaż
sorts of - tak jakby
sort - rodzaj
sort of thing - coś w tym stylu
apprenticeship - praktyka, terminowanie
hear of sth - usłyszeć o czymś
considering - zważywszy, biorąc pod uwagę, wobec; mimo wszystko (wyrażając zaskoczenie)
occupation - zawód, zajęcie
median - mediana (wartość pośrednia)
scholar - erudyta (osoba wszechstronnie wykształcona); badacz, uczony (jakiejś dziedziny); stypendysta
bachelor - kawaler; licencjat (tytuł naukowy)
voice-over - głos lektora (nałożony np. na odtwarzany film)
involve - właczać, wciągać (np. do pracy, do projektu)
steady - regularny, stały, ciągły
funeral - pogrzeb
arrangement - ustalenie, plan; urządzenie, przygotowanie
placing - miejsce, lokata (np. w wyścigu, w konkursie); ulokowanie (np. pieniędzy na koncie)
embalming - balsamowanie
burying - pochowanie (ceremonia pogrzebowa)
bury - pochować, pogrzebać (o zmarłej osobie)
morbid - chorobliwy, przesadny (np. fascynacja); związany z chorobą, chorobliwy
handle  - klamka (w drzwiach); rączka, uchwyt; ksywa, przezwisko, nick;  zajmować się, wykonywać; radzić sobie (np. z jakaś sytuacja, osobą)
handle sth - zająć się czymś, poradzić sobie z czymś
fairly - raczej, dość (w odpowiednim stopniu); słusznie, sprawiedliwie, uczciwie, rzetelnie
directly - bezpośrednio
deal - umowa, układ, porozumienie
deceased - nieboszczyk, zmarły
sommelier - somelier (znawca wina)
cuisine - kuchnia (danego regionu)
knowledgeable - mądry, znający się na rzeczy, wnikliwy
pairing - łączenei w pary, parowanie
pair - para
procurement - nabywanie, zdobywanie; zaopatrzenie
expertise - wiedza lub umiejętność specjalistyczna
extend over sth - wydłużać ponad coś (jakiś czas); rozciągać ponad coś



źródło: http://www.therichest.com/rich-list/world/10-odd-jobs-with-surprisingly-high-salaries/?view=all

Social network

Social network's ad-free LinkedIn rival could roll out as early as the new year.
 
Just a week after rumours claimed Facebook is working on a professional version of its social network, reports now suggest we could see it as soon as January.

Sources told the Wall Street Journal the tech giant is developing a site that will let users chat with colleagues, as well as collaborate on documents.

Dubbed Facebook at Work, it would directly compete with LinkedIn and is expected to be released without adverts.

Facebook staff are said to have been testing a beta version of the ad-free Facebook at Work, and a select number of users will be given access to the site after the holidays.

A study last year found that more than 54 per cent of offices currently block Facebook on work computers to stop it distracting users.

'Facebook is secretly working on a new website called "Facebook at Work"', claimed reports in the Financial Times last week.

'[It] would allow users to "chat with colleagues, connect with professional contacts and collaborate over documents.'

The site is said to look similar to Facebook, including its blue and white design, news feed and group pages.

Last month, Facebook reported its quarterly profit nearly doubled to £511 million ($802 million), but saw its stock hit hard after outlining a plan to invest heavily in the future instead of using its short-term riches.

'We are going to continue preparing for the future by investing aggressively, connecting everyone, understanding the world, and building the next-generation in computing platforms,' said boss Mark Zuckerberg at the time.

'We have a long journey ahead.'

The 10-year-old site currently has 1.35 billion monthly active users worldwide, while LinkedIn has more than 332 million members in over 200 countries and territories.

According to the professional site, users sign up to join LinkedIn at a rate of more than two new members per second.

The site lets professionals 'connect' with each other to form networks. It also has its own messaging service and news feed.

Facebook has been looking to expand its services, and recently unveiled an app called Room that lets people chat anonymously in virtual 'rooms,' evoking the chat services from the early days of the web.

It is also testing a feature that lets users of the leading social network make purchases by simply pressing an on-screen 'Buy' button.

Facebook completed its multibillion-dollar deal for mobile messaging application WhatsApp last month.

And last week, it revamped is privacy policy to make it easier to understand, after years of criticism. It has also introduced tools to help people manage what they share on the site.

This would be key for a professional version of the site, to keeping confidential business dealings secure. 

The site's security was heightened at the end of last year when it rolled out default encryption.

Facebook at Work would be reserved for work-related posts only, while personal profiles would remain separate.


FACEBOOK EXPANDS ITS REACH

Facebook has been looking to expand its services for year.

Recently, it unveiled an app called Room that lets people chat anonymously in virtual 'rooms,' evoking the chat services from the early days of the web.

It is also testing a feature that lets users of the leading social network make purchases by simply pressing an on-screen 'Buy' button.

Meanwhile, Facebook completed its multibillion-dollar deal for mobile messaging application WhatsApp last month.

Last week, it revamped is privacy policy to make it easier to understand, after years of criticism. It has also introduced tools to help people manage what they share on the site.

The site's security was heightened at the end of last year when it rolled out default encryption, too.  

rival - rywalizować; rywal, rywalka
roll out - wytoczyć się; rozszerzyć działalnośc marketingową danej firmy na nowym terenie
rumour - pogłoska, plotka
claim - twierdzć, utrzymywać; domagać się, żądać (o pieniądzach)
giant - wielkolud, olbrzym, gigant (duża firma)
collaborate - współpracować
dub - dubbingować, dodać postsynchrony, miksować, zmiksować; nazwać, nazywać
directly - bezpośrednio; wprost, prosto
compete - konkurować
release - uwolnienie (z więzienia), wypuszzenie (kogoś na wolność); wydanie (książki), publikacja (prasowa), wypuszczenie (filmu na ekrany kin), wprowadzenie (produktu na rynek)
advert - reklama; nadmienić, wspominać
advert to something - nawiązać do czegoś, wspomnieć o czymś
distracting  - rozpraszający; drażniący, nieznośny
distract - rozpraszać, dekoncentrować
feed - karmić (dawać jedzenie); żywić się, posilać się; wprowadzać (dane)
stock - asortyment, zapas; kapital akcyjny, akcje
hit - uderzać, bić
outline - zarys, szkic (najważniejsze informacje, bez szczegółów); brudnopis (pracy pisemnej)
heavily - ciężko, mocno
instead - zamiast; natomiast, ale
prepare - przygotować, przyszykować
ahead - zprzodu, przed kimś
let - niech; pozwalać, zezwalać, umożliwiać; wynająć (komuś np. lokal)
unveil - odkrywać, odsłaniać; wyjawiać, odkrywać, ujawniać
app - aplikacja komputerowa
anonymously - anonimowo
evoke - przywoływać, ewokować (np. emocje, wspomnienia); wywoływać (np. uśmiech, reakcję, zainteresowanie)
revamp - przerabiać, poprawiać, ulepszać; modernizacja, reorganizacja
introduce - przedstawiać (np. znajomych); zapoznawać, zaznajamiać (np. z nowym tematem); wprowadzać, sprowadzać, wnosić
heighten - podnosić, podwyższać, powiększać, potęgować
encryption - szyfrowanie
remain - pozostać (np. w pozycji siedzącej); nie zmienić się
meanwhile - tymczasem, w tym czasie, do tego czasu



źródło: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2847311/Facebook-Work-set-launch-January-Social-network-s-ad-free-LinkedIn-rival-roll-early-new-year.html

Active / Passive Overview

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.
Modals Modals	We can't do it this week.	It can't be done this week.

źródło: http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html